Fetal/neonatal atrial flutter at the onset of perinatal period: clinical analysis of 21 cases / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To analyze the clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of fetal/neonatal atrial flutter (AFL) at the onset of the perinatal period to improve the management of this condition.Methods:This retrospective study analyzed the clinical data, treatment, and follow-up results of fetal/neonatal AFL cases transferred to Shanghai Children's Medical Center from November 2013 to August 2021. Clinical characteristics, cardioversion procedures, and outcomes were summarized. Descriptive method was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 21 fetuses/neonates presenting with AFL in the perinatal period were involved in this study, including 17 males and four females. Ten of them were born at full term, and 11 were preterms. All of the patients were delivered by cesarean section at 32 to 41 gestational weeks [ (36.6±1.9) weeks] with a birth weight of 2 130 to 4 450g [ (3 059±528) g]. Increased fetal heart rate was all detected after 32 weeks of gestation, and three of them were diagnosed with AFL by fetal echocardiography before being born. The heart rate remained elevated in all cases after birth. All were diagnosed as AFL based on an electrocardiogram on the day of birth, which showed a 2 to 6 over one ratio of atrioventricular conduction. Among the six cases of cardiac insufficiency and low blood pressure complicated by dyspnea and cyanosis, the symptoms were relieved in four cases after mask oxygenation and two cases after ventilation. Among the 21 cases, one was converted spontaneously to normal sinus rhythm and the other 20 recovered after medication or electrical cardioversion. Seven cases were initially treated by drug conversion with a success rate of 5/7 and hospitalized for 23 d (13-25 d). There was one with cardiac insufficiency before treatment and three newly developed cardiac insufficiency during treatment among the seven cases. Thirteen cases were offered electrical cardioversion initially, and the success rate of cardioversion was 12/13. There were five cases of cardiac insufficiency before treatment, while no new cases of cardiac insufficiency was reported during treatment. The duration of hospitalization was 11 d (9-14 d). Apart from one case, the rest 20 infants were followed up from one month to eight years old, and no recurrence was reported.Conclusions:For fetal/neonatal AFL with the onset during the perinatal period, the symptoms mainly manifest in late pregnancy. Its diagnosis depends on fetal echocardiography before birth or electrocardiogram after birth, and electrical cardioversion is a fast and effective measure. While the prognosis of perinatal-onset AFL is generally good.

Atrial flutter without structural heart disease in pediatrics: a retrospective review of cases in the Hospital Infantil Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain / Flutter auricular sin cardiopatía estructural en pediatría: una revisión retrospectiva de casos en el Hospital Infantil Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, España

Abstract Background: Atrial flutter is a rare condition in pediatrics that usually occurs as a late complication after surgery for congenital heart diseases, although it can also appear in structurally normal hearts. Clinical cases: We conducted a retrospective study of cases of atrial flutter with no structural heart disease diagnosed in a pediatric population (between 0 and 15 years of age) during 2015-2021 in a tertiary hospital. A total of seven cases were diagnosed, with a clear predominance of males (6/7). Of the seven patients, five debuted in the perinatal period: two were diagnosed at 20 and 36 hours of life, and three, prenatally. Among these perinatal cases, more than half (3/5) were preterm. The treatment was electrical cardioversion. The evolution was satisfactory in these cases, and there were no tachycardias in their subsequent development. In contrast, when the debut occurred at a later age (5-7 years), it was associated with channelopathy (Brugada syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia), and electrical ablation of the ectopic focus was required due to poor response to pharmacological treatment. Conclusions: This study confirms the low incidence of this pathology in pediatrics and the benignity and good prognosis of neonatal flutter in most cases. The prognosis worsens when atrial flutter is diagnosed in older children, and the probability of concomitant associated heart disease increases.

Resumen Introducción: El flutter o aleteo auricular es una patología poco frecuente en pediatría que suele presentarse como complicación tardía tras la cirugía de cardiopatías congénitas, aunque también puede aparecer en corazones estructuralmente normales. Casos clínicos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de los casos de flutter auricular sin cardiopatía estructural diagnosticados en una población pediátrica (entre 0 y 15 años de edad) durante el periodo 2015-2021 en un hospital terciario. En total fueron diagnosticados siete casos, con un claro predominio de varones (6/7). De los siete, cinco debutaron en periodo perinatal: dos fueron diagnosticados a las 20 y 36 horas de vida y tres de ellos, prenatalmente. Entre estos casos perinatales, más de la mitad (3/5) fueron pretérmino. El tratamiento fue la cardioversión eléctrica. La evolución fue satisfactoria en estos casos, y no se presentaron taquicardias en su evolución posterior. Por el contrario, cuando el debut se produjo en edades posteriores (5-7 años), se asoció con canalopatía (síndrome de Brugada y taquicardia ventricular polimorfa catecolaminérgica) que requirió de una ablación eléctrica del foco ectópico por escasa respuesta al tratamiento farmacológico. Conclusiones: En este trabajo se confirma la baja incidencia de esta patología en pediatría, además de la benignidad y el buen pronóstico de flutter neonatal en la mayoría de casos. Cuando el diagnóstico se realiza en niños mayores, el pronóstico empeora, y aumenta la probabilidad de presentar de forma concomitante cardiopatías asociadas.

Efecto de la cardioversión eléctrica programada de fibrilación auricular sobre la función renal / Effect of programmed electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation on renal function

Resumen Introducción: Estudios previos han relacionado la presencia de fibrilación auricular (FA) con una tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada (TFGe) reducida. Objetivo: comparar la evolución de la TFGe en pacientes con FA persistente tras cardioversión eléctrica (CVE) programada en función de la existencia o no de recurrencias, así como la evolución de varios biomarcadores. Materiales y métodos: Cohorte prospectiva de pacientes con FA persistente remitidos a nuestro centro para CVE programada con seguimiento de un año. La TFGe se obtuvo mediante la fórmula CKD-EPI en el momento basal y a los 3 y 12 meses. Se midieron biomarcadores antes de la CVE y a los 12 meses. Resultados: Se incluyeron 92 pacientes con FA persistente, edad media de 64 ± 11 años. Al año de seguimiento y en el total de pacientes, la TFGe se redujo de 86,5 [74,6-97,6 a 84,5 [71,7-95,1 ml/min/1,73 m2 (p = 0,002) y la creatinina aumentó de 0,80 [0,72-0,94] mg/dl a 0,83 [0,74-0,97] mg/dl (p = 0,005). La TFGe se redujo al final del seguimiento, sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los pacientes que presentaron recurrencia a los 12 meses y los que no. Las cifras de BNP y corina mejoraron a los 12 meses, mientras que las de galectina-3 no cambiaron, sin relación con la TFGe. Conclusiones: En los pacientes con FA persistente tratados con CVE programada se observó un empeoramiento de la TFGe al año de seguimiento. Los niveles de BNP y corina mejoraron al año de seguimiento. No hubo diferencias en los niveles de galectina-3.

Abstract Introduction: Previous studies have linked the presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) with a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Objective: to compare the evolution of eGFR in patients with persistent AF after elective electrical cardioversion (ECV) based on the existence or not of recurrences, as well as the evolution of various biomarkers. Materials and methods: Prospective cohort of patients with persistent AF referred to our center for elective EVC with a 1-year follow-up. The eGFR was obtained using the CKD-EPI formula at baseline and at 3 and 12 months. Biomarkers were measured before ECV and at 12 months. Results: 92 patients with persistent AF were included, mean age 64 ± 11 years. At one year of follow-up and in all patients, the eGFR decreased from 86.5 [74.6-97.6 to 84.5 [71.7-95.1 ml/min/1.73 m2 (p = 0.002) and creatinine increased from 0.80 [0.72-0.94] mg/dl to 0.83 [0.74-0.97] mg/dl (p = 0.005). The eGFR was reduced at the end of the follow-up, with no statistically significant difference between the patients who had recurrence at 12 months and those who did not. BNP and corin levels improved at 12 months, while galectin-3 did not change, unrelated to eGFR. Conclusions: In patients with persistent AF treated with elective ECV, a worsening of eGFR was observed at one year of follow-up. BNP and corin levels improve at one year of follow-up, there were no differences in galectin-3 levels.

Research progress in electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation during perioperative cardiac surgery / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common complications after cardiac surgery. The existing treatment of postoperative AF mainly focuses on preoperative prevention, intraoperative protection and postoperative treatment for factors prone to AF before, during and after surgery, but the postoperative treatment in various areas and hospitals is different. This article combines the latest literature published in Europace about the practice guidance of cardioversion of AF and atrial flutter, and summarizes the treatment of electrical cardioversion, in order to provide clinical guidance for electrical cardioversion of AF after cardiac surgery.

Flutter auricular neonatal: presentación de tres casos / Neonatal atrial flutter: Presentation of three cases

Resumen Introducción: El flutter auricular es un tipo poco frecuente de arritmia fetal y neonatal. A pesar de que puede conducir a graves morbilidades, como hidrops fetal o incluso el fallecimiento, el diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz confieren un buen pronóstico a la mayoría de los casos. Pacientes y métodos: Se presentan tres casos de flutter auricular, dos de inicio en periodo fetal y uno en periodo neonatal, y se revisa la literatura en relación con las características clínicas, diagnósticas y terapéuticas del flutter auricular fetal y neonatal. Resultados y discusión: En el flutter auricular fetal la terapia materna con fármacos antiarrítmicos es el tratamiento más empleado durante la gestación. El tratamiento postnatal más utilizado es la cardioversión eléctrica sincronizada. El flutter auricular no suele asociar cardiopatía estructural; la recidiva neonatal es poco habitual y normalmente no precisa la administración de tratamiento profiláctico.

Abstract Introduction: Atrial flutter is a rare type of fetal and neonatal arrhythmia. Although it can lead to serious morbidities such as fetal hydrops or even death, diagnosis and early treatment confer a good prognosis in most cases. Patients and methods: Three cases of atrial flutter are presented, two of which start in the fetal period and one in the neonatal period. The literature is reviewed in relation to the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics of fetal and neonatal atrial flutter. Results and discussion: In fetal atrial flutter maternal therapy with antiarrhythmic drugs is the most used treatment during pregnancy. The most used postnatal treatment is synchronized electrical cardioversion. Atrial flutter does not usually associate structural heart disease, neonatal recurrence is uncommon and usually does not require prophylactic treatment.

Relación entre el tiempo de circulación extracorpórea y el pinzamiento aórtico con diferentes variables de evolución postquirúrgicas / Relationship between cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross clamping time with different variables of post-surgical evolution

Resumen Justificación: La mayor cantidad de cirugías cardiacas realizadas a nivel mundial se efectúa con circulación extracorpórea y pinzamiento de la aorta, lo que conlleva una serie de alteraciones fisiopatológicas que deben ser reconocidas por el personal de salud que participa en la atención de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Describir el perfil y los factores de riesgo presentes en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiaca con circulación extracorpórea, y analizar la existencia de una potencial relación entre el tiempo de circulación extracorpórea y el pinzamiento aórtico, con la aplicación de desfibrilaciones tras al pinzado de la aorta, la necesidad de soporte cardiovascular farmacológico, el comportamiento del nivel de lactato plasmático y la mortalidad. Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio observacional y descriptivo con una muestra de 104 pacientes electivos, sometidos a intervención quirúrgica y circulación extracorpórea, en el Hospital México, desde octubre de 2016 a noviembre de 2017. Se caracterizó la población en estudio, se analizaron los factores de riesgo incluido el EuroSCORE I y II, el tiempo de circulación extracorpórea, el tiempo de pinzamiento aórtico, las desfibrilaciones posteriores al pinzamiento aórtico, e lactato inmediatamente postcirculación extracorpórea, y a las 2, 6, 24 h postquirúrgicas, el uso de soporte cardiovascular farmacológico en infusión continua posterior a la circulación extracorpórea y mortalidad a los 30 días. Resultados: La edad media fue 56,4 años, predominó el sexo masculino (69 %) y la hipertensión arterial fue el factor de riesgo más frecuente (76,07 %). Se registró un tiempo de pinzado aórtico menor a 100 min en 61 pacientes (58,65 %) y superior a ese tiempo en 43 pacientes (41,35 %). El EuroSCORE I promedio fue del 4,21 % (DE: 4,80), mientras que el EuroSCORE II fue del 2,37 % (DE: 2,41). El tiempo promedio de circulación extracorpórea fue de 129 minutos (DE: 36,88) y el de pinzado aórtico, de 94 minutos (DE:32,04). Hubo un pico de lactato a las 6 horas postquirúrgicas (5,13 mmol/L, DE:2,89); un 8,65 % de los pacientes fueron desfibrilados después del retiro de la pinza en la aorta; se utilizó soporte cardiovascular en el 16,35 % y la mortalidad quirúrgica fue del 1,92 %. Conclusiones: En el estudio, el tiempo de circulación extracorpórea y el pinzado aórtico junto con el uso de inotrópicos, vasoconstrictores, hiperlactatemia y mortalidad quirúrgica, no alcanzó una relación significativa.

Abstract Justification: Currently, the largest number of cardiac surgeries performed worldwide are performed with cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross clamp, which leads to a series of pathophysiological alterations that are important for health personnel involved in the care of these patients. Objective: To describe the profile and risk factors present in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and the existence of a potential relationship between the cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross clamping time, with the use of post clamp defibrillations, pharmacological cardiovascular support, plasma lactate behavior and mortality. Methods: An observational and descriptive study was carried out with a sample of 104 elective patients, undergoing surgical intervention and cardiopulmonary bypass at Hospital México, from October 2016 to November 2017. The study population was characterized, risk factors were analyzed including EuroSCORE I and II, CPB time, aortic cross clamping time, post-aortic clamping defibrillation, lactate immediately after extracorporeal circulation and at 2, 6, 24 hours postoperatively, use of pharmacological cardiovascular support in continuous infusion after extracorporeal circulation and mortality at 30 days. Results: The mean age was 56.4 years, the male sex predominated (69%) and arterial hypertension was the most frequent risk factor (76.07%). Aortic cross clamp time of less than 100 min was recorded in 61 patients (58.65%) and greater than that time in 43 patients (41.35%). The average EuroSCORE I was 4.21% (SD: 4.80), while the EuroSCORE II was 2.37% (SD: 2.41). The average cardiopulmonary bypass time was 129 minutes (SD: 36.88) and aortic cross clamp time was 94 minutes (SD: 32.04). There was a lactate peak at 6 postoperative hours (5.13 mmol/L, SD: 2.89); 8.65% of patients were defibrillated after removal the clamp in the aorta; pharmacological cardiovascular support was used in 16.35% and surgical mortality was 1.92%. Conclusions: In this study, cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross clamp time together with the use of inotropics, vasoconstrictors, hyperlactatemia and surgical mortality did not reach a significant relationship.

Qualidade de vida de indivíduos portadores de dispositivo cardíaco eletrônico implantável / Quality of life of individuals with implantable electronic cardiac device / Calidad de vida de las personas con dispositivo cardiaco electrónico implantable

Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade de vida de indivíduos portadores de dispositivo cardíaco eletrônico implantável. Método: estudo descritivo e transversal realizado com 50 indivíduos em 2018. Utilizou-se o SF-36 e AQUAREL. Resultados: a comorbidade mais frequente foi a hipertensão arterial sistêmica ­ 39 (78%), a cardiopatia de base a bradicardia ­ 18 (36%) e queixas de palpitação e pré-síncope. Predominaram indivíduos com tempo do dispositivo cardíaco eletrônico de até 5 anos ­ 24 (48%), sem troca de gerador ­ 31 (62%). A maioria negou o consumo de bebida alcóolica ­ 47 (94%), de cigarros ­ 44 (88%) e não realiza atividade física regular ­ 34 (68%). No SF-36, o menor escore foi no domínio aspectos físicos (15) e o maior em dor (88,8). No AQUAREL o menor escore foi no domínio dispneia (78,98) e o maior em desconforto (86,54). Conclusão: constatou-se sintomatologia reduzida. Houve associação significativa entre sexo masculino e atividade física. Os indivíduos apresentam melhora da qualidade de vida após a implantação do dispositivo cardíaco.

Objective: to evaluate the quality of life of individuals with implantable electronic cardiac devices. Method: descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted with 50 individuals in 2018. SF-36 and AQUAREL were used. Results: the most frequent comorbidity was systemic arterial hypertension ­ 39 (78%), baseline heart disease bradycardia ­ 18 (36%) and complaints of palpitation and pre-syncope. Individuals with electronic cardiac device time of up to 5 years 24 (48%) predominated, without changing the generator ­ 31 (62%). The majority denied alcohol consumption ­ 47 (94%), cigarettes ­ 44 (88%) and regular physical activity ­ 34 (68%). In the SF-36 the lowest score was in the physical aspects domain (15) and the highest in pain (88.8). In AQUAREL the lowest score was in the domain dyspnea (78.98) and the highest in discomfort (86.54). Conclusion: reduced symptomatology was observed. There was a significant association between males and physical activity. Individuals have improved quality of life after implantation of the cardiac device.

Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de vida de las personas con dispositivos cardíacos electrónicos implantables. Método: estudio descriptivo y transversal realizado con 50 individuos, en 2018. SF-36 y AQUAREL se utilizaron. Resultados: la comorbilidad más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial sistémica ­ 39 (78%), las cardiopatías subyacentes, bradicardia ­ 18 (36%) y quejas de palpitación y presíncope. Predominan los individuos con tiempo de dispositivo cardíaco electrónico de hasta 5 años ­ 24 (48%) sin cambiar el generador ­ 31 (62%). La mayoría negó el consumo de alcohol ­ 47 (94%), cigarrillos ­ 44 (88%) y actividad física regular 34 (68%). En el SF-36, la puntuación más baja estaba en el dominio de aspectos físicos (15) y la más alta en dolor (88.8). En AQUAREL, la puntuación más baja estaba en el dominio disnea (78,98) y la más alta en malestar (86,54). Conclusión: se observó una sintomatología reducida. Hubo una asociación significativa entre los varones y la actividad física. Los individuos han mejorado la calidad de vida después de la implantación del dispositivo cardíaco.

Actividad de adiestramiento en cardioversión eléctrica en la unidad de electrocardiología del CCR-ASCARDIO / Training program on electrical cardioversion at the electrocardiology unit of the CCR-ASCARDIO

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son una de las principales causas de mortalidad siendo los trastornos del ritmo cardiaco una de las patologías cardiacas más frecuentes. La cardioversión eléctrica es una técnica a través de la cual se realiza una transferencia de electrones al miocardio con la finalidad de interrumpir arritmias con mecanismos de reentrada permitiendo al nodo sinusal retomar el control de la frecuencia cardiaca. La correcta selección de los casos susceptibles de cardioversión eléctrica y experiencia en cardioversión aumenta la tasa de éxito y disminuye el número de choques fallidos. En el CCR- ASCARDIO, la Unidad de Electrocardiología cuenta con experiencia en el estudio y tratamiento de arritmias. En este artículo se presenta la elaboración de un programa de adiestramiento en la técnica de cardioversión eléctrica siendo esta terapia una herramienta imprescindible para la práctica clínica del cardiólogo, facilitando la prevención de complicaciones derivadas de los trastornos del ritmo cardiaco(AU)

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the main causes of mortality worldwide being heart rhythm disorders one of the most frequent cardiac pathologies. Electrical cardioversion is a technique that allows the transfer of electrons to the myocardium in order to interrupt arrhythmias with reentry mechanisms allowing the sinus node to take control of heart rate. The appropriate selection of cases susceptible to electrical cardioversion as well as experience on this technique increases the success rate and decreases the number of failed attempts. The Electrocardiology unit of the CCR-ASCARDIO has experience in the study and treatment of arrhythmias. In this article we present the development of a training program on electrical cardioversion, essential tool for cardiologists, with the aim to increase the correct use of this technique in order to prevent complications due to heart rhythm disorders(AU)

Tratamiento de la embarazada con fibrilación auricular y compromiso hemodinámico / Treatment of pregnant women with atrial fibrillation and hemodynamic disorders

Las arritmias cardiacas son complicaciones frecuentes en el embarazo, son más frecuentes las supraventriculares, con gran importancia la fibrilación auricular con compromiso hemodinámico, que pone en peligro al binomio madre hijo, asociado al efecto dañino de los medicamentos antiarrítmicos. El autor se propone analizar los elementos del consenso científico al tratar la fibrilación auricular de forma más adecuada para el binomio madre hijo, así como la protocolización del tratamiento. A partir de la experiencia del tratamiento de dos embarazadas con fibrilación auricular, con formas y desenlaces totalmente diferentes, en discusión del colectivo multidisciplinario, se busca y analiza una protocolización actualizada, en la conducta a seguir con madre hijo, en caso de arritmia. Las arritmias en la embarazada representan un riesgo para eventos fetales adversos, además de los riesgos potenciales de los medicamentos usados para el tratamiento. La cardioversión eléctrica, sincronizada, parece ser claramente idónea en el tratamiento(AU)

Cardiac arrhythmias are frequent complications in pregnancy, supra ventricular diseases are more frequent, with great importance atrial fibrillation with hemodynamic disorders, which puts the child mother binomial in danger, associated with the harmful effect of antiarrhythmic drugs. The author proposes to analyze the elements of the scientific consensus when treating atrial fibrillation in a more adequate way for the child mother binomial, as well as the protocolization of the treatment. From the experience of the treatment of two pregnant women with atrial fibrillation, with completely different forms and outcomes, in discussion of the multidisciplinary group, an updated protocol is searched and analyzed, in the behavior to be followed with the mother, in case of arrhythmia. Arrhythmias in the pregnant woman represent a risk for adverse fetal events, in addition to the potential risks of the medications used for the treatment. The synchronized electrical cardioversion seems to be clearly suitable in the treatment(AU)

Anticoagulación en poblaciones especiales con fibrilación auricular / Anticoagulation in populations special with atrial fibrillation

Resumen La seguridad y eficacia de los anticoagulantes directos se ha demostrado como alternativas al tratamiento con antagonistas de la vitamina K en pacientes con fibrilación auricular (FA), permitiendo realizar una cardioversión precoz, especialmente en los pacientes tratados con Rivaroxabán y Edoxabán. Los pacientes con FA presentan un riesgo tromboembólico elevado, que varía según el número de factores de riesgo asociados. Además de esas características intrínsecas de cada individuo, el procedimiento de ablación puede presentar un incremento de eventos, en relación a la introducción y manipulación de catéteres, la presencia de introductores dentro de la aurícula izquierda y las lesiones endocárdicas producidas por la ablación. Por lo que es fundamental mantener la anticoagulación durante este procedimiento. Un tercer aspecto importante a tener en cuenta es el manejo perioperatorio de estos casos. El tiempo previo para suspender la terapia anticoagulante depende de cada fármaco, no se requiere puente con heparinas de bajo peso molecular y para el manejo de posibles sangrados existen algoritmos que analizaremos.

Abstract The safety and efficacy of direct anticoagulants has been demonstrated as alternatives to treatment with vitamin K antagonists in patients with atrial fibrillation (FA), allowing early cardioversion, especially in patients treated with Rivaroxaban and Edoxaban. Patients with AF have a high thromboembolic risk, which varies according to the number of associated risk factors. In addition to the intrinsic risk of each individual, the ablation procedure presents an increased risk of events, in relation to the introduction and manipulation of catheters, the presence of sheaths inside the left atrium and the endocardial lesions produced by ablation. For this reason, it is essential to maintain anticoagulation during this procedure. Finally, we present some aspects about the management in the perioperative period in this patients.

Propofol for sedation for direct current cardioversion

Direct current cardioversion is a low-risk and standard procedure to restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with tachyarrhythmias. It requires sedation to facilitate the procedure, as it is painful and distressful. The preferred anesthetic drug must be short acting, producing conscious sedation, to enable rapid recovery after the procedure. In this sense, this narrative review focuses on the critical analysis of recent randomized studies and presents about the safety and effectiveness of propofol, comparing it with other established sedatives, mainly etomidate and midazolam. The research was performed on MEDLINE database with Propofol and Cardioversion keywords. In most cases, propofol comes to be the best option, with a quick recovery time and low rates of side effects. Different studies have demonstrated no inferiority when comparing to other drugs and, when these adverse events happened, they were easily and quickly handled. Exceptions in this scenario are those patients, particularly the elderly, with baseline important structural heart disease, in which etomidate with fentanyl has been pointed to lead to better hemodynamic stability.

Cardioversión eléctrica de taquicardia ventricular en el embarazo: reporte de un caso / Electrical cardioversion of ventricular tachycardia in pregnancy: case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Las arritmias cardiacas son complicaciones frecuentes durante el embarazo, la mayor parte son benignas y no requieren tratamiento complejo. Las taquicardias ventriculares idiopáticas suelen ser hemodinámicamente estables y se asocian con buen pronóstico. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 22 años, con embarazo de 23 semanas, que inició con mareo y palpitaciones, por lo que acudió al servicio de Urgencias. El electrocardiograma de 12 derivaciones mostró una taquicardia de QRS amplio, con latidos de fusión y disociación auriculoventricular; el ecocardiograma no reportó alteraciones. El diagnóstico definitivo fue taquicardia ventricular fascicular posterior idiopática. El tratamiento inicial consistió en verapamil y amiodarona por 48 horas; sin embargo, persistió la taquicardia, por lo que se decidió realizar una cardioversión eléctrica con 200 Joules, con lo que se obtuvo una reacción satisfactoria. La paciente permaneció asintomática hasta la semana 31 del embarazo, cuando inició nuevamente con palpitaciones; se documentó la misma taquicardia, por lo que se decidió realizar un nuevo procedimiento de cardioversión eléctrica con 200 Joules, que resultó efectiva y sin complicaciones adicionales para la paciente. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de taquicardia ventricular idiopática durante el embarazo es relativamente baja. La cardioversión eléctrica es una opción efectiva en pacientes embarazadas con resistencia al tratamiento farmacológico o inestabilidad hemodinámica.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Cardiac arrhythmias are frequent complications in pregnancy, the most of them are benign and don't need specific treatment. Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia usually is hemodynamically stable and associate with a good prognosis. CLINICAL CASE: A 22-year-old woman with a current pregnancy of 23.4 weeks of gestation that began with dizziness and palpitations, she went to the emergency department, a 12-lead electrocardiogram showed a wide QRS tachycardia with fusion beats and atrioventricular dissociation, the echocardiogram was reported normal. Posterior fascicular ventricular idiopathic tachycardia was concluded. Initially, Verapamil and Amiodarone were administered for 48 hours, with tachycardia persisting, so it was decided to perform electrical cardioversion with 200 Joules that was effective. She remained asymptomatic until the 31st week of gestation where she started again with palpitations, the same tachycardia was documented and it was decided to perform again electrical cardioversion with 200 joules, being effective and without complications. CONCLUSIONS: Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia occurs with low frequency in pregnancy. When pharmacological therapy is not effective or there is hemodynamic instability, electrical cardioversion is a viable option in the pregnant patient.

Treatment of 11 cases of malignant arrhythmia induced by acute poisoning / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the treatment of malignant arrhythmia induced by acute poisoning. METHODS: To analyze the treatment of 11 cases of malignant arrhythmia caused by acute poisoning. The therapeutic effect of malignant arrhythmia treated by drug, electrical cardioversion and detoxification was observed. RESULTS: The arrhythmias in the patients included premature ventricular beats, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, atrial premature beats, and ST-T changes. After treatment with cardioerter drug such as amiodarone, lidocaine, esmolol and other drugs, electric defibrillation, removeing poisons with hemoperfusion and specific antidotes, and multiple organ protection symptomatic treatment, 10 cases were successfully rescued and 1 case died. CONCLUSION: Malignant arrhythmias caused by acute poisoning could be given combined treatment with anti-arrhythmias and relief of etiology.

Bases fisiológicas de la desfibrilación ventricular / Physiological bases of ventricular defibrillation

La desfibrilación ventricular es un procedimiento básico para una adecuada reanimación cardiopulmocerebral, pero sus principios no son comúnmente abordados en la literatura. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo describir las bases fisiológicas de la desfibrilación ventricular para lo cual se realizó, en el primer cuatrimestre del 2018, una revisión documental que incluyó 21 referencias bibliográficas. Se concluyó que las bases fisiológicas integran a las funciones celulares propias del corazón, las modificaciones físico-moleculares celulares que condicionan la arritmia o se generan por la hipoxia, a los cambios que sobre el tejido cardiaco produce el paso de electricidad y a las características de la onda de choque eléctrica del desfibrilador. La desfibrilación detiene la actividad eléctrica cardiaca y permite el inicio de potenciales de acción de sus células marcapaso. La eficacia del procedimiento depende del estado metabólico del miocardio (dado por causa y tiempo de la parada cardiaca), y de la correcta realización del protocolo de desfibrilación.

Ventricular defribrillation is a basic procedure from an adequate cardio-pulmonary-cerebral resuscitation, but its principles are not commonly approached in literature. This work was aimed at describing the physiological basis of ventricular defibrillation for which it was, in the first quarter of 2018, a documentary review which included 21 bibliographical references. It was concluded that these bases integrate the cellular functions of the heart, the physical-molecular cellular modifications which condition arrythmia or are produced due to hypoxia, the changes on the cardiac tissue which allow the passage of electrical cardiac activity and the characteristics of the electrical shock wave of the defibrillator. Defibrillation stops cardiac electrical activity and allows the action potential start of its pacemaker cells.. The efficacy of the procedure depends on the metabolic condition of the myocardium (due to the cause and the time cardiac failure) and the correct performance of the defibrillation protocol.

Cardioversión eléctrica como modalidad terapéutica en pacientes con fibrilación auricular / Electric cardioversion as therapeutic modality in patients with atrial fibrillation

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 32 pacientes con fibrilación auricular expuestos a cardioversión eléctrica en el Servicio de Cardiología del Hospital General Docente Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, desde Junio del 2013 hasta igual periodo del 2016, a fin de relacionar las variables clínicas y ecocardiográficas con el éxito del proceder. Se halló que en la mayoría de los afectados el choque eléctrico fue exitoso; por tanto, el método empleado resultó seguro y eficaz para tratar la enfermedad y las variables antes citadas se relacionaron con el éxito o fracaso de dicha modalidad terapéutica.

A descriptive study of 32 patients with atrial fibrillation exposed to electric cardioversion in the Cardiology Service of Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from June, 2013 to the same period of 2016, in order to relate the clinical and echocardiographic variables with success in the procedure. It was found that in most of the affected cases the electric shock was successful; therefore, the used method was safe and effective to treat the disease and the above mentioned variables were related with the success or failure of this therapeutic modality.

A retrospective analysis of cardioversion for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in emergency department / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To analyze retrospectively the cardioversion for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) in emergency department in order to explore rational guidance for the diagnosis and treatment for PSVT.Methods A retrospective analysis of PSVT patients in the emergency department admitted from June 2015 to December 2015 was carried out.First,all the patients were divided into two groups according to the cardioversion achieved by Valsalva's maneuvre or not.Forty patients were enrolled in study.There were 11 patients got cardioversion successfully achieved by the Valsalva's maneuvre and 29 patients failed to get cardioversion.Then,comparisons of demographics,vital sign,serum CTNI,potassium and NTproBNP level were carried out between these groups of patients using statistical analysis.The categorical variable was expressed in percentage and the continuous variable was described by mean±standard deviation and the comparisons of parameters were conducted by group t-test and chi-square test.Results The success rate of PSVT maneuvre cardioversion was 27.5％.In addition,there were no significant differences in demographics vital sign,TNI and NTproBNP between the two groups while there were significant differences in serum potassium level between the two groups [(3.8±0.4)mmol/L vs.(3.5±0.35)mmol/L P＜0.05].There was no significant difference in successful rate of cardioversion between the standard Valsalva's maneuvre(n=6) the modified Valsalva's maneuvre(n=5).The second-line treatment mainly included propafenone,adenosine,electroversion,verapamil and amiodarone.The propafenone was the most common second-line agent used for PSVT cardioversion accounting for 58.6％.Conclusions The success rate of Valsalva's maneuver cardioversion was low.Keeping properly a higher level of serum potassium could increase the success rate of cardioversion by Valsalva's maneuvre.

Eficacia de la estrategia de control del ritmo en pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica y fibrilación o flutter auricular, sometidos a cardioversión eléctrica / Efficacy of rhythm control strategy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation or flutter, undergoing electrical cardioversion

Contexto: la fibrilación y el flutter auricular son arritmias frecuentes en pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica e incrementan su morbilidad. La cardioversión de la arritmia mejora la calidad de vida del paciente, sin embargo, no existe información sobre la eficacia o predictores de esta terapia en la literatura. Objetivo: identificar en pacientes que presentan miocardiopatía hipertrófica asociada a fibrilación o flutter auricular que fueron sometidos a cardioversión eléctrica, las variables relacionadas con la evolución de la arritmia después de esta terapia. Métodos: se analizaron los datos de 37 pacientes con diagnóstico de miocardiopatía hipertrófica asociada a fibrilación auricular (n=21) y flutter auricular (n=16), sometidos a cardioversión eléctrica, en lo relativo a éxito inmediato (reversión después del choque), recurrencia (reaparición del problema después de la cardioversión eléctrica) y éxito tardío (ritmo sinusal observado en la última consulta registrada). Resultados: el éxito inmediato se produjo en el 96% de procedimientos de cardioversión eléctrica en pacientes con fibrilación auricular y en el 100% de pacientes con flutter auricular. La recurrencia se produjo en el 76,9% de los pacientes con fibrilación auricular sometidos a cardioversión eléctrica después de un tiempo medio de 630 días y en el 57,1% de los pacientes con flutter auricular luego de un seguimiento de 1.138 días. Conclusión: se evaluó la eficacia de la cardioversión eléctrica mediante los resultados clínicos observados en pacientes con miocardiopatía hipertrófica asociada a fibrilación o flutter auricular; además se identificaron las variables relacionadas con la recurrencia y el éxito tardío después de la cardioversión eléctrica. (AU)

Background: fibrillation and atrial flutter are frequent arrhythmias in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and increase their morbidity. Cardioversion of arrhythmia improves the quality of life of the patient; however, there is no information on the efficacy or predictors of this therapy in the literature. Aim: to identify the variables related to the evolution of the arrhythmia after therapy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with atrial fibrillation or flutter were underwent electrical cardioversion. Methods: data from 37 patients with atrophic cardiomyopathy associated with atrial fibrillation (n = 21) and atrial flutter (n = 16), submitted to electrical cardioversion, were analyzed for immediate success (reversion after shock), Recurrence (recurrence of the problem after electrical cardioversion) and late success (sinus rhythm observed at the last recorded visit). Results: immediate success occurred in 96% of electrical cardioversion procedures in patients with atrial fibrillation and in 100% of patients with atrial flutter. Recurrence occurred in 76.9% of patients with atrial

Emergency department procedural sedation for primary electrical cardioversion — a comparison with procedural sedations for other reasons / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND:Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia treated in the emergency department (ED), with primary electrical cardioversion (PEC) the preferred method of rhythm control. Anecdotally, patients undergoing ED procedural sedation (EDPS) for PEC differ from those requiring EDPS for other procedures:they are at higher risk of adverse events, and require fewer drugs and lower doses. We attempt to verify this using an EDPS registry at a Canadian, tertiary care teaching hospital. METHODS:This is a retrospective review of patients that underwent EDPS for the period of June 2006 to September 2014. We compared demographics, medication use and intra-procedural adverse events between those receiving EDPS for PEC for AF compared to that for other indications. We report the asssociation between AEs and predictors using logistic regression. RESULTS:A total of 4867 patients were included, 714 for PEC for AF and 4153 for other indications. PEC patients were more likely male (58.5％vs. 47.1％), older (59.5 years vs. 48.1 years), and less likely to be ASA I (46.6％ vs. 69.0％). PEC patients received smaller doses of propofol and less likely to receive adjuvant analgesic therapy (11.5％ vs. 78.2％). PEC patients were more likely to experience hypotension (27.6％vs. 16.5％) but respiratory AEs (apnea, hypoxia and airway intervention) were not different. CONCLUSION:EDPS for PEC differs from that conducted for other purposes:patients tend to be less healthy, receive smaller doses of medication and more likely to suffer hypotension without an increase in respiratory AEs. These factors should be considered when performing EDPS.

Concomitant atrial fibrillation ablation with valve procedures for / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To explore the operability of concomitant ablation for the patients with valvular heart diseases with left atrium bigger than 60 mm. Methods    We prospectively included 306 patients with concomitant ablation in our hospital between 2013 and 2015 year. Based on diameter of left atrium measured by intra-operative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), we separated these patients into two groups including a group L (left atrium >60 mm, 93 patients, 55 males and 38 females at age of 57.0±10.1 years) and a group S (left atrium <60 mm, 213 patients, 120 males and 93 females at age of 55.2±9.9 years) and followed them on 4 time points (time on discharge, three months, six months, and one year after surgery). Then, we analyzed the impact of left atrial size on cardioversion outcome of surgical ablation based on the following data. Results    The successful rate of the group S and the group L in the 4 time points was 72.8% vs. 75.3%, 74.2% vs. 75.3%, 78.9% vs. 77.4%, and 77.0% vs. 77.4%, respectively . The result of both univariate logistic regression analysis and receiver operation characteristic(ROC) curve analysis showed that there was no statistical difference in cardioversion rates between the group S and the group L. And there was no evident correlation between size of left atrium and ablation failure. Conclusion    Patients with left atrium enlarged from 60 mm to 70 mm can achieve the same satisfactory results in cardioversion, and should not be the contraindication of concomitant surgical ablation.

Clinical features and treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children / 临床儿科杂志

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) in children. Methods The clinical data of 67 children with PSVT were analyzed retrospectively, and the therapeutic effects of different treatments were compared. Results The clinical manifestations of infants were paleness, shortness of breath, irritability and sweating, and children showed chest tightness, palpitations, abdominal discomfort and fatigue. The curative effect of electric cardioversion, transesophageal atrial pacing, physical therapy, and drug therapy was statistically different (P<0.05), The different cardioversion rates of them were observed for the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. The cardioversion rate of transesophageal atrial pacing, was the highest, and the rate of physical therapy was the lowest. There was no significant difference in the cardioversion rate between propafenone, digoxin and amiodarone. Conclusion The clinical manifestations of PSVT in infants are atypical and easily to be ignored. There are many methods for treatment of PSVT. The vagus nerve can be stimulated first, and, if no response, either drugs or electric cardioversion and transesophageal atrial pacing can be used. The cardioversion rate of transesophageal atrial pacing is higher. The drug effectiveness for the treatment of PSVT depends on many factors, and our choice of medication varies from person to person.